Aim of this topic is to explain how to arrange the different parts of a sentence in the correct order.
I must admite it took quite a long time to handle this topic and find some convenient rules.
If you read the articles from Heiko Häselbarth or Canoo you might think word order in German requires an own scientific research area.
To make it understandable I had to simplify it and concentrate on the most important elements.
So I'll give you a "strict" word order you should use for the first time.
You can change this when you got a feeling for the language to emphasise a certain part of the sentence.
rules
At first we have to separate all sentences into two groups:
statements
questions
examples:
statement: Du gehst weg. (You go away.)
question: Gehst du weg? (Do you go away?)
At second we have to distinguish between:
main clauses*
subordinate clauses
* clause is just another word for "sentence"
examples:
main clause: Ich weiß nicht, wann der Bus ankommt. (I don't know when the bus arrives.)
subordinate clause: Ich weiß nicht, wann der Bus ankommt. (I don't know when the bus arrives.)
At last we must separate between sentences of typ 1 and 2:
typ 1: sentences which have only a main verb
sentences in the "Präsens" tense
sentences in the "Präteritum" tense
typ 2: sentences which consists of main verb and helping verb / modal verb
sentences in the "Perfekt" tense
sentences in the "Futur" tense
modal verb sentences
You'll find a lot of example sentences now.
To make it less complicate I made several examples where you find the most important elements of sentences.
The following overview should help you to navigate to the different examples.
A: Position of subject, main verb, time, manner and place
I'd like to build up the sentence with the different elements step by step.
Step 1: The simplest form of a sentence consists just of subject and main verb.
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Ichfahre. (I drive.)
"Präteritum" tense: Ichfuhr. (I drove.)
Step 2: At next we add a time expression.
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Ichfahreheute. (I drive today.)
"Präteritum" tense: Ichfuhrgestern. (I drove yesterday.)
Step 3: At next we add the manner expresion - that means how do we do something.
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Ichfahreheutemit dem Auto. (I drive today with the car.)
"Präteritum" tense: Ichfuhrgesternmit dem Auto. (I drove yesterday with the car.)
Step 4: At last we add the place.
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Ichfahreheutemit dem Autonach Berlin. (I drive today with the car to Berlin.)
"Präteritum" tense: Ichfuhrgesternmit dem Autonach Berlin. (I drove yesterday with the car to Berlin.)
problem separable verbs
If you carefully checked the examples above you noticed that I didn't use any main verb prefix
although you find it in the general explaination. You need this only if the main verb is a separable verb.
In this case the prefix goes at the very end of the sentence.
I substitude the simple verb fahren (drive) by the seperable verb wegfahren (drive away) to make it clear.
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Ichfahreheutemit dem Autoweg. (I drive away today with the car.)
"Präteritum" tense: Ichfuhrgesternmit dem Autoweg. (I drove away yesterday with the car.)
B: Position of subject, main verb, direct object and indirect object
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Ichgebedem Kindein Buch. (I give a book to the child.)
"Präteritum" tense: Ichgabdem Kindein Buch. (I gave book to the child.)
I don't want to make it too complicate, but I have to add that the position
of the direct and the indirect objects change if the direct object is a pronoun.
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Ichgebeesdem Kind. (I give it to the child.)
"Präteritum" tense: Ichgabesdem Kind. (I gave it to the child.)
C: Position of subject, main verb, object, adjective and adverb
I don't distinguish between direct and indirect object because for both you can apply the same rules:
The adjective precedes the subject / object it belongs to and the adverb precedes the adjective it belongs to.
examples:
"Präsens" tense: IchseheeinsehrhübschesMädchen. (I see a very cute girl.)
"Präteritum" tense: IchsaheinsehrhübschesMädchen. (I saw a very cute girl.)
Typ 2
A: Position of subject, main verb, helping verb / modal verb, time, manner and place
I left out the steps 1 to 3 because they follow the same pattern shown above.
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Ichbingesternmit dem Autonach Berlingefahren. (I drove yesterday with the car to Berlin.)
"Futur" tense: Ichwerdemorgenmit dem Autonach Berlinfahren. (I will drive tomorrow with the car to Berlin.)
modal verb sentences: Ichmussheutemit dem Autonach Berlinfahren. (I must drive today with the car to Berlin.)
B: Position of subject, main verb, helping verb / modal verb, direct object and indirect object
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Ichhabedem Kindein Buchgegeben. (I gave a book to the child.)
"Futur" tense: Ichwerdedem Kindein Buchgeben. (I will give a book to the child.)
modal verb sentences: Ichmussdem Kindein Buchgeben. (I must give a book to the child.)
When the direct object is a pronoun it precides the indirect object (see explaination typ 1).
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Ichhabeesdem Kindgegeben. (I gave it to the child.)
"Futur" tense: Ichwerdeesdem Kindgeben. (I will give it to the child.)
modal verb sentences: Ichmussesdem Kindgeben. (I must give it to the child.)
C: Position of subject, main verb, helping verb / modal verb, object, adjective and adverb
I don't distinguish between direct and indirect object because for both you can apply the same rules:
The adjective precedes the subject / object it belongs to and the adverb precedes the adjective it belongs to.
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: IchhabedassehrhübscheMädchengesehen. (I saw the very cute girl.)
"Futur" tense: IchwerdedassehrhübscheMädchensehen. (I will see the very cute girl.)
modal verb sentences: IchmussdassehrhübscheMädchensehen. (I must see the very cute girl.)
A: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, time, manner and place
dependent clauses
Dependent clauses start with a subordinate conjunction (dass, ob, als, weil, bevor,...).
The subordinate conjunction is the first element of the subordinate sentence.
The main verb goes at the very end of the sentence.
The other elements remain at their position.
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Ich weiß, dassduheutemit dem Autonach Berlinfährst. (I know that you drive with the car to Berlin today.)
"Präteritum" tense: Ich weiß, dassdugesternmit dem Autonach Berlinfuhrst. (I know that you drove with the car to Berlin yesterday.)
relative pronoun clauses
Relative pronoun clauses start with a relative pronoun (der, die, das, welche, den,...).
The relative pronoun is the first element of the subordinate sentence.
The main verb goes at the very end of the sentence.
The other elements remain at their position.
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Ich kenne den Mann, denduheutemit dem Autonach Berlinfährst. (I know the man who you drive with the car to Berlin today.)
"Präteritum" tense: Ich kenne den Mann, dendugesternmit dem Autonach Berlinfuhrst. (I know the man who you drove with the car to Berlin yesterday.)
B: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, direct object and indirect object
dependent clauses
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Ich weiß, dassdudem Kindein Buchgibst. (I know that you give a book to the child.)
"Präteritum" tense: Ich weiß, dassdudem Kindein Buchgabst. (I know that you gave a book to the child.)
relative pronoun clauses
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Ich kenne den Tag, an demdudem Kinddas Buchgibst. (I know the day on which you give the book to the child.)
"Präteritum" tense: Ich kenne den Tag, an demdudem Kinddas Buchgabst. (I know the day on which you gave the book to the child.)
C: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, object, adjective and adverb
dependent clauses
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Ich weiß, dassdudassehrhübscheMädchensiehst. (I know that you see the very cute girl.)
"Präteritum" tense: Ich weiß, dassdudassehrhübscheMädchensahst. (I know that you saw the very cute girl.)
relative pronoun clauses
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Ich kenne den Tag, an demdudassehrhübscheMädchensiehst. (I know the day on which you see the very cute girl.)
"Präteritum" tense: Ich kenne den Tag, an demdudassehrhübscheMädchensahst. (I know the day on which you saw the very cute girl.)
Typ 2
A: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, helping verb / modal verb, time, manner and place
dependent clauses
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Ich weiß, dassdugesternmit dem Autonach Berlingefahren bist. (I know that you drove with the car to Berlin yesterday.)
"Futur" tense: Ich weiß, dassdumorgenmit dem Autonach Berlinfahren wirst. (I know that you will drive with the car to Berlin tomorrow.)
modal verb sentences: Ich weiß, dassduheutemit dem Autonach Berlinfahren musst. (I know that you must drive with the car to Berlin today.)
relative pronoun clauses
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Ich kenne den Mann, mit demdugesternmit dem Autonach Berlingefahren bist. (I know with whom you drove with the car to Berlin yesterday.)
"Futur" tense: Ich kenne den Mann, mit demdumorgenmit dem Autonach Berlinfahren wirst. (I know with whom you will drive with the car to Berlin tomorrow.)
modal verb sentences: Ich kenne den Mann, mit demduheutemit dem Autonach Berlinfahren musst. (I know with whom you must drive with the car to Berlin today.)
B: Position of subject, main verb, helping verb / modal verb, direct object and indirect object
dependent clauses
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Ich weiß, dassdudem Kinddas Buchgegeben hast. (I know that you gave the book to the child.)
"Futur" tense: Ich weiß, dassdudem Kinddas Buchgeben wirst. (I know that you will give the book to the child.)
modal verb sentences: Ich weiß, dassdudem Kinddas Buchgeben musst. (I know that you must give the book to the child.)
relative pronoun clauses
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Ich kenne den Tag, an demdudem Kinddas Buchgegeben hast. (I know the day on which you gave the book to the child.)
"Futur" tense: Ich kenne den Tag, an demdudem Kinddas Buchgeben wirst. (I know the day on which you will give the book to the child.)
modal verb sentences: Ich kenne den Tag, an demdudem Kinddas Buchgeben musst. (I know the day on which you must give the book to the child.)
C: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, helping verb / modal verb, object, adjective and adverb
dependent clauses
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Ich weiß, dassdudassehrhübscheMädchengesehen hast. (I know that you saw the very cute girl.)
"Futur" tense: Ich weiß, dassdudassehrhübscheMädchensehen wirst. (I know that you will see the very cute girl.)
modal verb sentences: Ich weiß, dassdudassehrhübscheMädchensehen musst. (I know that you must see the very cute girl.)
relative pronoun clauses
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Ich kenne den Tag, an demdudassehrhübscheMädchengesehen hast. (I know the day on which you saw the very cute girl.)
"Futur" tense: Ich kenne den Tag, an demdudassehrhübscheMädchensehen wirst. (I know the day on which you will see the very cute girl.)
modal verb sentences: Ich kenne den Tag, an demdudassehrhübscheMädchensehen musst. (I know the day on which you must see the very cute girl.)
A: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, time, manner and place
dependent clauses
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Weißt du, dassichheutemit dem Autonach Berlinfahre? (Do you know that I drive with the car to Berlin today?)
"Präteritum" tense: Weißt du, dassichgesternmit dem Autonach Berlinfuhr? (Do you know that I drove with the car to Berlin yesterday?)
relative pronoun clauses
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Kennst du den Mann, denichheutemit dem Autonach Berlinfahre? (Do you know the man who I drive with the car to Berlin today?)
"Präteritum" tense: Kennst du den Mann, denichgesternmit dem Autonach Berlinfuhr? (Do you know the man who I drove with the car to Berlin yesterday?)
B: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, direct object and indirect object
dependent clauses
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Weißt du, dassichdem Kindein Buchgebe? (Do you know that I give a book to the child?)
"Präteritum" tense: Weißt du, dassichdem Kindein Buchgab? (Do know that I gave a book to the child?)
relative pronoun clauses
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Kennst du den Tag, an demichdem Kinddas Buchgebe? (Do you know the day on which I give the book to the child?)
"Präteritum" tense: Kennst du den Tag, an demichdem Kinddas Buchgab? (Do you know the day on which I gave the book to the child?)
C: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, object, adjective and adverb
dependent clauses
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Weißt du, dassichdassehrhübscheMädchensehe? (Do you know that I see the very cute girl?)
"Präteritum" tense: Weißt du, dassichdassehrhübscheMädchensah? (Do youI know that I saw the very cute girl?)
relative pronoun clauses
examples:
"Präsens" tense: Kennst du den Tag, an demichdassehrhübscheMädchensehe? (Do you know the day on which I see the very cute girl?)
"Präteritum" tense: Kennst du den Tag, an demichdassehrhübscheMädchensah? (Do you know the day on which I saw the very cute girl?)
Typ 2
A: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, helping verb / modal verb, time, manner and place
dependent clauses
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Weißt du, dassichgesternmit dem Autonach Berlingefahren bin? (Do you know that I drove with the car to Berlin yesterday?)
"Futur" tense: Weißt du, dassichmorgenmit dem Autonach Berlinfahren werde? (Do you know that I will drive with the car to Berlin tomorrow?)
modal verb sentences: Weißt du, dassichheutemit dem Autonach Berlinfahren muss? (Do you know that I must drive with the car to Berlin today?)
relative pronoun clauses
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Kennst du den Mann, mit demichgesternmit dem Autonach Berlingefahren bin? (Do you know with whom I drove with the car to Berlin yesterday?)
"Futur" tense: Kennst du den Mann, mit demichmorgenmit dem Autonach Berlinfahren werde? (Do you know with whom I will drive with the car to Berlin tomorrow?)
modal verb sentences: Kennst du den Mann, mit demichheutemit dem Autonach Berlinfahren muss? (Do you know with whom I must drive with the car to Berlin today?)
B: Position of subject, main verb, helping verb / modal verb, direct object and indirect object
dependent clauses
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Weißt du, dassichdem Kinddas Buchgegeben habe? (Do you know that I gave the book to the child?)
"Futur" tense: Weißt du, dassichdem Kinddas Buchgeben werde? (Do you know that I will give the book to the child?)
modal verb sentences: Weißt du, dassichdem Kinddas Buchgeben muss? (Do you know that I must give the book to the child?)
relative pronoun clauses
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Kennst du den Tag, an demichdem Kinddas Buchgegeben hab? (Do you know the day on which I gave the book to the child?)
"Futur" tense: Kennst du den Tag, an demichdem Kinddas Buchgeben werde? (Do you know the day on which I will give the book to the child?)
modal verb sentences: Kennst du den Tag, an demichdem Kinddas Buchgeben muss? (Do you know the day on which I must give the book to the child?)
C: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, helping verb / modal verb, object, adjective and adverb
dependent clauses
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Weißt du, dassichdassehrhübscheMädchengesehen habe? (Do you know that I saw the very cute girl?)
"Futur" tense: Weißt du, dassichdassehrhübscheMädchensehen werde? (Do you know that I will see the very cute girl?)
modal verb sentences: Weißt du, dassichdassehrhübscheMädchensehen muss? (Do you know that I must see the very cute girl?)
relative pronoun clauses
examples:
"Perfekt" tense: Kennst du den Tag, an demichdassehrhübscheMädchengesehen habe? (Do you know the day on which I saw the very cute girl?)
"Futur" tense: Kennst du den Tag, an demichdassehrhübscheMädchensehen werde? (Do you know the day on which I will see the very cute girl?)
modal verb sentences: Kennst du den Tag, an demichdassehrhübscheMädchensehen muss? (Do you know the day on which I must see the very cute girl?)
summary
statements
typ 1 (Präsens, Präteritum)
typ 2 (Perfekt, Future, Modal)
main clauses
subject
main verb
other elements
(main verb prefix)
subject
helping verb
other elements
main verb
subordinate clauses
subject
other elements
main verb
subject
other elements
main verb
helping verb
questions
typ 1 (Präsens, Präteritum)
typ 2 (Perfekt, Future, Modal)
main clauses
main verb
subject
other elements
(main verb prefix)
helping verb
subject
other elements
main verb
subordinate clauses
subject
other elements
main verb
subject
other elements
main verb
helping verb
The table gives some interesting insighs in the complicate topic word order:
1.) Subordinate clauses don't differ in statements and questions.
2.) In main clauses - typ 1 the main verb is usually at the second position. In subordinate clauses it goes to the end and in question to the top position.
3.) In typ 2-sentences the helping verb behaves like the main verb (see point 2). The main verb becomes just to a second "other element" which follows the "normal" other elements.
Finally, I want to discuss some other "constructions" which can occour and don't fit into the schema above:
imperative clauses
Imperative clauses are like a third group of sentences besides "statements" and "questions".
Fortunately, they are quite easily to handle because they are just used in present tense in main clauses.
imperative for "du" and "ihr"
Consider, that there is no subject in this imperative form.
examples :
for "du": Nimm das Kind! (Take the child!)
for "ihr": Nemmtdas Kind! (Take the child!)
I simplified the examples here. The object stands for all possible elements (adjectives, adverbs, time, manner, place ...).
imperative for "Sie"
examples :
for "Sie": NehmenSiedas Kind! (Take the child!)
infintive with to
Infinitive + to -structures can be considered as a kind of subordinate clause.
They are attached to main clauses.
"Infinitive + to" -structures with "normal" verbs
The "infinitive + to" -structure with "normal" verbs is just added to the main sentence:
example:
Ich habe keine Zeit, dichzusehen. (I don't have time to see you.)
"Infinitive + to" -structures with separable verbs
In "Infinitive + to" -structures with separable verbs the "zu" goes between the prefix and the stem:
example:
Ich habe keine Zeit, dichwiederzusehen. (I don't have time to see you again.)
negation
For the position of "nicht" or "kein" in negative statements / questions please check the topic Negation.